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- TECHNOLOGY, Page 95IN SEARCH OF HACKERS
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- In a society where information has always been tightly
- controlled, the electronic revolution moves slowly
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- In the lobby of Moscow's Hotel Ukraina, a dingy Stalin-era
- landmark, clerks who used to book reservations with paper chits
- now check guests in with a pair of Soviet-made computer
- terminals. Specialty stores that once tallied purchases on
- wooden abacuses have bypassed cash registers and gone directly
- to computers. And computers can now be found at the TASS
- news-wire service, at the offices of Aeroflot and at the
- government planning agency Gosplan.
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- In almost any other country, the sight of a few computers
- would hardly seem worth noting. But in a society predicated on
- the control of information -- and, perhaps more important, on
- centralized decision making -- the placing of information
- processors in the hands of factory managers, middle-level
- bureaucrats, educators, journalists and regional planners is
- very big news. "There's a struggle taking place over the control
- of information," says Loren Graham, a Soviet-science watcher at
- M.I.T. "The debate is whether to make personal computers
- available to the general public or to restrict access by price
- or institutional control."
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- Four years have passed since Gorbachev launched his crash
- program to catapult the Soviet economy into the computer age,
- and the results are just starting to show. Soviet manufacturers
- cranked out a record 100,000 microcomputers last year, bringing
- the total number of personal computers to an estimated 200,000.
- That is a far cry from the 30 million machines Moscow estimates
- the country can absorb. By all accounts, Gorbachev's
- electronic-literacy program will fall far short of its ambitious
- goal of installing a million computers in the schools by 1992.
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- The problem is as much political as it is technological.
- Consider, for example, the children's computer club that chess
- champion Gary Kasparov helped organize in 1987 and to which he
- donated two U.S.-made Atari 1040s. Although it had the
- blessings of Yevgeny Velikhov, vice president of the Soviet
- Academy of Sciences, the fledgling organization was beset by
- bureaucrats at every turn. First the housing authority said
- space would be granted only if the club agreed to turn over its
- computers. Then, when Kasparov procured 70 more machines, the
- state committee on sports insisted that it should have control
- of the computers. Only after Kasparov vehemently protested were
- the bureaucrats thwarted and the children able to keep their
- machines.
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- Unless Soviet youth grow up with computers, the country
- will be at an increasing disadvantage in the global
- technological race. The U.S.S.R. must rapidly automate and
- computerize its industry if it is to increase productivity and
- manufacture goods that can compete in the world market. And
- without exportable products, the Soviet economy will never earn
- the hard currency it needs to finance modernization and growth.
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